France: Paris' management innovation

France set out to build satellite cities after industrial development speeded up at the end of the 19th century and enterprises around Paris expanded without planning.

In 1965, Paris issued its urban planning policy which proposed building five satellite cities 25-30 kilometers around the city. Each with a population of between 200,000 and 300,000, these cities began attracting residents in the 1970s.

The cities had beautiful landscapes, perfect cultural services and abundant employment opportunities. Residents enjoyed a quality of life comparable with Paris' urban area and many people were attracted there.

The government footed the major part of city development expenditure and more administrative power was transferred to regions which enjoy more autonomy.

People participating in the construction of satellite cities were themselves future residents giving the constructors more involvement in the work.