New urban model

Xiongan plan will upgrade Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and test an economy based on knowledge, innovation

China has taken to heart Daniel Burnham's admonition: "Make no little plans, they have no magic to stir men's blood. Make big plans: aim high in hope and work, remembering that a noble, logical diagram once recorded will not die."

But, the US architect who created the master plans for downtown Washington, Chicago and Manila, could not have imagined the transformational scale of China's plans for the cities of Beijing and Tianjin and the province of Hebei.

In the three years since President Xi Jinping announced an overall plan envisioning a network of cities around Beijing and a merged mega-region, more detailed infrastructure and development plans have followed.

In November, the National Development and Reform Commission announced plans to build 1,100 kilometers of new high-speed rail at a cost of 237 billion yuan ($34.4 billion; 31.5 billion euros; ￡26.6 billion) by 2030, with the goal of linking together what will be, by far, the world's largest integrated agglomeration of urban economies.

The region, which is often called Jing-Jin-Ji, will have 110 million people. Once completed, the transportation systems will allow one-hour commuting across an area larger than England, with almost twice the population.

On April 1, the central government announced the creation of the Xiongan New Area in Hebei province, about 100 kilometers southwest of Beijing. The new city will be a model for achieving the goal of the 13th Five-Year-Plan (2016-20) to transform China into an "ecological civilization". It will also be a test bed for creating a new type of economy based on knowledge and innovation, rather than on heavy industry and low wages.

Urban planning for Jing-Jin-Ji is tightly tied to many other aspects of China's plans for economic transformation. Most directly, the plans called for Tianjin to be a center of manufacturing research and for Hebei to move to higher value-added manufacturing. This will help provide jobs as China goes through industrial restructuring away from heavy industry.

Reducing polluting industry will create healthier cities. Building world-leading infrastructure ties in with President Xi's Belt and Road Initiative linking China with the rest of Eurasia and Africa.

It also gives China great export capabilities in railway equipment and infrastructure construction. The commuter rails to be constructed in Hebei will relieve congestion in Beijing, reduce the pollution caused by cars.

Finally, by making smaller cities throughout the region more attractive to live in, opportunities in their hometowns will be made available to people who now feel pressure to migrate to Beijing or Tianjin.

Agglomeration economics

Economists and urban planners see huge economic returns from providing fast communications and transportation across a region. These so-called agglomeration effects are a key part of continued economic growth. And, China still has room to grow through such urbanization.

"City clusters are key to the development of a country. The United States, the UK and Japan all have major city clusters that represent 60 percent of the country's GDP, but for China the Pearl River and Yangtze River delta regions and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region contribute only 38 percent to GDP," Shao Chunfu, professor at Beijing Jiaotong University, told rail professional.com.

Robert Guild, director of transport and communications for East Asia at the Asian Development Bank, says the ADB calculates large positive returns for infrastructure investments in China.

"Agglomeration reduces the costs of interaction. It lowers costs throughout the supply chain. Plus, it allows people to generate ideas as they serendipitously come into contact with others. Economists used to think there was an upper limit on efficient city size. But, there does not seem to be an upper limit on agglomeration economies. There does not seem to be an upper limit on city size."

Recent research reinforces the importance of taking advantage of the huge productivity of cities. For example, a 2015 paper by economists Chang-Tai Hsieh and Enrico Moretti showed that 90 percent of US growth comes from cities. Since the 1970s, most of the growth came from a small number of cities in the South and Midwest, which allowed housing to be built and encouraged development.

Strikingly, they conclude that restrictions on building new housing in highly productive cities such as New York, San Francisco or Silicon Valley reduced total US GDP by almost 10 percent by preventing people from moving to them. Instead, the potential growth of those areas just went into unproductive increases in housing prices.

Huang Wenzheng, senior fellow at the Center for China and Globalization, emphasizes that point: "Labor mobility is the key to economic vibrancy because it can, in principle, better allocate human capital."

Investing in the infrastructure to create extended urban agglomerations is the next logical step in China's long-term plans. Barjor Mehta, lead urban specialist for East Asia and the Pacific at the World Bank, says: "China has built a remarkable network of high-speed rail connecting all the cities. It has also been doing metros in each big city. The next thing when you want to encourage development of a metropolitan region is to seamlessly connect the smaller cities within the region with the metropolitan core. Each of the smaller cities themselves has its own internal transportation. The next big benefit you get is having much better connections within the extended metropolitan regions, linking a very large city with other cities within commuting distance around it."

The Beijing government announced plans in April to double the amount of land allocated for residential development this year to 12 million square meters, enough to meet the city's housing demand for this year, as reported by Caixin. But, the planned investments in Jing-Jin-Ji can be seen as a way to spread the productivity of Beijing and Tianjin through out Hebei.

Transforming Hebei

Beijing and Tianjin are among China's toptier cities, but the surrounding province of Hebei remains less developed, with an economy based on high-polluting heavy industry. Hebei is the world's largest steel producer. It produces more steel than any single country globally. Steel, coal, cement, glass and other heavy construction-oriented industry accounts for roughly two-thirds of Hebei employment.

But, Liu Daizong, China Transport Program director at the World Resources Institute, says a bigger long-term pay off may arise from solving Hebei's development problem.

Wang Xiaodong, vice-governor of Hebei, said in June last year that the province aims to cut 49.9 million tons of iron-making capacity, 49.1 million metric tons of steel-making capacity and 51 million tons of coal production capacity under the province's 13th Five-Year Plan, as reported by The Economist. This helps solve industrial overcapacity problems, but what will the workers do?

Building infrastructure will create job opportunities and stimulate the economy. But the real payoff will come when the interconnectedness of the regional lows people in Hebei to move up to higher value-added high-tech manufacturing or service jobs.

Henry Paulson, former US treasury secretary and former chairman of Goldman Sachs, said: "All eyes are on the Jing-Jin-Ji region as a testing ground for innovative solutions to China's complex sustainable development challenges.

"By concentrating investments in renewable energy sources and upgrading the energy efficiency of industry, Jing-Jin-Ji has the potential to play a tremendous leadership role in demonstrating how existing industries can become cleaner and more efficient, while also incubating new clean-energy technologies that are tomorrow's economic drivers," he said in a recent Paulson Institute report on China's sustainable economic transition.

Huang Wenzheng of the Center for China and Globalization emphasizes that Hebei's economy needs investment in education and increased opportunities for its people, at least as much as infrastructure.

"The key is the soft part, how do you treat people? Can they move? Can they send their children to a local school? China has much room for improvement in infrastructure. But, if it just uses a fraction of the money and puts it into schools, hospitals and day care centers, it would be much better for ordinary people's lives."

Xiongan as a model city

"Xiongan will be a new model for China's urbanization for the next 20 years," says Liu Daizong of the World Resources Institute. He says the China Academic Urban Planning and Design Institute, part of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, is widely consulting experts and no final plans have been made. However, he believes that Xiongan will be designed to the highest standards of urbanists worldwide to create a green and livable city.

"They want to use new urban planning principles - small roads and small districts, energy self-sufficiency, mixed-use areas balancing homes and jobs, multi modal transportation," Liu says.

"They also have some ideas to focus on smart-city technology and on integrating future innovation, such as driverless cars. They want to have 'complete streets' that make space for pedestrians, bikes and buses. They are very close to Baiyangdian Lake, so they want to use sponge city technology to handle water runoff. They plan to have a 15-minute life cycle - meaning that residents can find everything they need for their daily lives within a 15-minute walk.

"They also are focused on connections to other cities, using high-speed rail or other modes. They have plans for connecting seamlessly to Beijing's airport. They also have a plan for cargo and freight. They want to have some freight rail corridors and multimodal integration - from trains to trucks to small vans."

Lu Huapu of Tsinghua University, who also is a member of the expert committee advising the coordinated development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, told Xinhua News Agency:

"Transportation in the new area should mainly focus on rail and bus transit options, complemented by bike-sharing and other green, advanced and highly intelligent transportation options.

"Public transportation, parking, traffic management and logistics should all be supported by smart systems."

More broadly, China has changed its urban planning guidelines to increase the livability of all cities.

According to Barjor Mehta of the World Bank: "The new government guidelines specify smaller, walkable blocks that are not walled off. Under the old system, shops were all inside, which created dull streets. In the new guidelines, they advocate mixed residential and commercial areas with shops along sidewalks, so the streets are alive more hours in the day."

Nie Weihua, deputy dean of the National Academy of Development and Strategy at Renmin University of China, says Xiongan will be "a well planed city".

"Many State-owned enterprises, colleges, research institutions and hospitals are expected to go there. I think it may be a test of the new development model."

He adds: "It has not been decided yet, but the government may own all the housing and rent it to workers in the area in order to attract young knowledge workers. This is a lot like Hong Kong or Singapore."

Nie also stresses the need for coordinated planning as infrastructure investment goes forward. He says: "Currently the big problem is lack of coordination among different agencies. The city government runs the subway system, but the railway is run by the Ministry of Transportation. Within the city, the bus stops belong to another agency. But, Xiongan is a blank paper, so we can fix these problems there."

Leadership counts

The Asian Development Bank's Robert Guild calls the plan for Jing-Jin-Ji "unprecedented".

"The ambition is breathtaking," he says. "The Chinese ability to think big and to implement it is on their side. You could never propose such a thing anywhere else. But China will make it work. It will happen."

He says the ultimate determinant of success is how workers and companies decide where to invest and live.

Similarly, Barjor Mehta of the World Bank says: "China is unique in the sense that from the highest level of government, they encourage urbanization as important for development. No country in the world has developed without urbanizing. Industrial activities or higher-level activities are not profitable at low density.

"There is commitment and acceptance by the leaders that to become a middle-income and then a high-income country, the country has to become urbanized. This does not mean you neglect the rural areas, it just means pay attention to the cities. The highest levels in China own that process, which they don't in many other countries."

davidblair@chinadaily.com.cn

Urban planning for Jing-Jin-Ji is tightly tied to many other aspects of China's plans for economic transformation. Most directly, the plans call for Tianjin to be a center of manufacturing research. Photos Provided to China Daily