Between the lines

Editor's note: In this weekly feature China Daily gives voice to Asia and its people. The stories presented come mainly from the Asia News Network (ANN), of which China Daily is among its 20 leading titles.

After a second date, Lee Taehyung, 26, wanted to ask the woman out again.

He sent her an online message saying, "Do you have time this weekend?" and the reply he received was: "I don't think I can make time. I have plans for this weekend."

"The message made me wonder. Is she politely saying, 'No, I don't want to go on another date with you', or does this mean that I can ask her again next week?" Lee said.

Lee asked his friends and found out that if the woman was actually interested in another date, she would suggest other times she could meet him. Simply saying she is busy usually means no, they concluded.

Hesitating to say no directly, as Lee's date did, out of fear of offending someone, is a common human reaction.

But South Korea's social norms, expectations and pressures often amplify the challenge, making indirect refusals the preferred course of action unless a direct response is absolutely unavoidable.

When declining a request, especially from a close friend they care about, South Koreans usually make sure they are declining only if there is no other choice and try to reschedule.

This is why softening phrases like "I don't think" are almost always used when declining a request.

This phrase adds uncertainty to a negative response, allowing South Koreans to decline politely without closing the door entirely. For example, they might say, "I don't think I can attend" instead of "I can't go", which sounds blunt to South Koreans if they are trying to maintain social relations.

In different social settings in South Korea, there are various ways to say no.

In the workplace, where top-down hierarchies between bosses and subordinates are common, many choose to use white lies.

A 2019 survey by local job search website Incruit found that 82.3 percent of 282 South Korean employees admitted to telling white lies at work, primarily to avoid hurting the feelings of those who ask questions, particularly superiors.

Park Soo-jin, 34, a marketing company employee, illustrated this phenomenon.

"I enjoy eating breakfast alone at the hotel when I travel for leisure. But when my boss asked about breakfast on a business trip to China, I said, 'I don't eat breakfast'," Park said.

She felt that simply saying she wanted to eat alone seemed inappropriate as it could hurt the feelings of her boss.

The difficulty of saying no also stems from group social pressure.

Ahn, a 30-year-old advertising employee, frequently cancels plans with his girlfriend due to impromptu team dinners at work.

"My girlfriend gets upset, but it's hard to decline when nobody else (on the team) is doing it," Ahn said. "I once had to lie to my boss that I was sick so that I could skip a team dinner and go to see her."

Many people say that saying no is also hard in South Korea's dating scene.

Lee Ji-an, a 25-year-old who went on a blind date in March, struggled to decline a second date despite a lack of romantic connection.

"It was difficult to bluntly say no because I worried that it might affect my relationship with the friend who set us up," Lee said.

She tried replying late to messages and saying she was busy a few times, but the guy did not seem to get the point.

Unsure of how to refuse politely, she sought advice from friends and discovered that it was a common experience.

Some of her friends even offered her a prewritten template for such situations.

"I could just fill in the name and send it to the guy," Lee said.

Her struggle is also commonly shared online, where other dating-related forums suggest sending templates like: "I had a great time today. You seem like a great guy, but I don't think we're going to work out. I hope you find someone wonderful."

Navigating networks

In South Korea, the entrenched cultural emphasis on hierarchy significantly affects interpersonal dynamics in schools, workplaces and families.

In educational settings, senior students and teachers hold considerable authority, leading juniors to frequently acquiesce to their demands and endure bullying rather than challenge them.

Similarly, in the workplace, strict hierarchical norms make it difficult for junior employees to refuse or criticize senior staff, fostering an environment where bullying can persist unchecked.

Family dynamics are also influenced by these hierarchical values, with younger family members often feeling compelled to comply with elder relatives' wishes, even at personal cost.

These hierarchical structures create a culture where asserting oneself or saying no is often seen as disrespectful, thus perpetuating power imbalances and allowing bullying to thrive.

One linguist views that in South Korea, saying no is especially difficult not only due to social pressure but also because of hierarchies created by the honorific system of the South Korean language.

Professor Lee Chan-kyu of Chung-Ang University's Department of Korean Language and Literature said that the hierarchical communication patterns of the Korean language complicate the expression of negative opinions, especially in professional settings.

Effective communication is typically two-way, Lee explained. However, in many South Korean workplaces, top-down approaches prevail, with those in superior positions speaking informally, and with only subordinates using honorifics when speaking back.

"Interestingly, I found that employees — both those in superior and subordinate positions — who use honorifics with each other report greater satisfaction and less stress when communicating within the company," Lee said.

Expressing one's honest opinion is also something many South Koreans feel uncomfortable about.

"It is slowly changing. But for instance, to children, Koreans are more focused on saying, 'You're a good kid because you do what your parents tell you to do', compared to in other countries," Kim Hoh, CEO of THE LAB h, a business communication consulting firm, said.

"We are not used to asking kids' opinions or preferences."

He added that this kind of hierarchical organizational culture has meant South Koreans are not accustomed to refusing something directly.

As if navigating the nuances of saying no in South Korea isn't complex enough, there are special exceptions where saying no is not only seen as acceptable but in fact expected.

Such situations occur for instance when South Koreans are presented with someone else's kind offer.

For instance, when visiting an acquaintance's home and the host invites you to join their family meal, it is customary initially to decline before eventually accepting.

Similarly, during certain family gatherings, when older relatives give younger ones cash gifts, it is expected for the recipient initially to refuse, as a way of demonstrating humility and gratitude.

"When I offer something to someone, I am accustomed to asking three times," said Kim Sang-hyun, 40. "It's because some Koreans believe it's polite to decline twice before accepting the third offer."

THE KOREA HERALD